Antiogone by sophcoles

Antigone

25 FEB 2011

            The two brothers Eteocles and Polyneices were on opposite sides of the Thebes’ civil war, whom were both killed in the war. The new ruler of Thebes, Creon declared that Polyneices be disgraced because he was a traitor during the war and Eteocles be honoured as a hero. Ismene and Antigone are sisters of the two brothers. In the beginning of the play, Antigone and Ismene meet outside the city gates secretly for a meeting. Antigone wanted to bury the body of Polyneices but Ismene refused as she did not want to go against the king’s orders and also feared the death penalty imposed on the matter. Ismene was unable to stop her sister from during the body herself which lead to Antigone disowning her.

            Creon gathered support from the chorus of Theban elders and got their full backing for his penalty on anyone who dared bury Polyneices’ body. When the body is reported buried by a sentry, creon orders the capture of the culprit to be punished by death. Antigone is apprehended, she pleaded guilty which angered Creon. Creon assumed the Ismene had helped her sister bury their brother so he summoned her, Ismene tried to confess falsely so as to die beside her sister but Antigone could not allow it. Creon orders both sisters to be locked up temporarily, Haemon the son of Creon and fiancé to Antigone supports his father on his decision. Later Haemon, pleads with his father to spare the two sisters stating that the city mourns for them secretly. The discussions ends up with the father and the son furious and insulting each other provoking Haemon to leave vowing never to see Creon ever again.

            Creon spares Ismene but orders Antigone to be buried alive in a cave. She tries to defend her actions once again but Creon hears non of it hence, she taken away to be buried. The chorus of elders express great sorrow for Antigone. A blind prophet by the name Tiresias warns Creon that the gods favour Antigone and that Polyneices be buried honourably and urgently. Creon in return accuses the prophet of being corrupt, Tiresias tell Creon that because of this, he will lose a son whom he values the most for the actions of not during Polyneices and for ordering the death of Antigone. In addition, Creon’s offerings to the gods would be rejected and all of Greece would hate and despise him. After hearing this, the chorus pleads with Creon to free Antigone and bury Polyneices and Creon agrees. As Creon prepares to go and undo his mistakes, a messengers enters the room and to informs Creon that, Haemon had died. The mother of Haemon and Creon’s wife Eurydice command the messenger to tell her everything, the messenger reports that both Haemon and Antigone are dead where Antigone hanged herself and Haemon stubbed himself to death after finding her body, just after Polyneices was buried. Eurydice leaves the chambers and disappears into the palace.

            Creon blames himself for these events and as he enters carrying Haemon’s body, a second messenger enters and informs Creon and the chorus that Eurydice too had killed herself. They are also informed that she used her last words and breath to curse Creon. Creon a broken man, is helped inside by his servants. Creon still remained king and the order he valued had been protected, but his actions against the gods left him wifeless and his son died.  The chorus adjourned by saying the proud are always punished by the gods and that with punishment wisdom is acquired.

            Antigone’s major themes are pride, moral law versus human law, individual versus state and conscience versus law. It shows the gods despised pride which was the central part in Antigone. To the Greeks, pride was a symbol for greatness but the gods punished the proud through suffering. In Antigone pride is a complex concept because it portrayed Antigone a hero and Creon a tyrant. In the second world war, a rewritten version of the Antigone play became a powerful message in resistance against the Nazis. The conflict between the power of state (Creon) and individualism (Antigone) can also be found in this modern life. Antigone used divine law in her defense while faith was her guide. Out of devotion for higher principles than the human law, Antigone sacrificed her life.

This Greek play was created to honour, respect and follow the god’s advice. With his male ego, pride and sense of kingship at stake, Creon made it personal to defeat Antigone. Creon is subject to poor judgment and human weakness although he always had the best interest of the state at heart.  This play brought out the nobility of Creon and what made him lose judgment temporarily. One must break certain rules and go against their principles sometimes, so as to do the right thing. In this case Antigone did so by during Polyneice’s body and going against Creon’s orders. On the others hand, rules were made to be followed and Creon let himself be controlled by his own pride. He chose not to follow the wishes of the gods and was subjected to a severe punishment.

“Due to your foolishness my vaulted maiden, you shall be buried full of breath and die with full of regret for defying the king’s orders which are second to god’s”- In Antigone the hamartia was committed when Antigone went on to defy Creon’s orders which were very clear but Creon’s ignorance which caused the death of Antigone is the true hamartia where he say.

“Filled with anger, Haemon stubs himself with a blade and now he lays besides his love dead”- Catharsis occurred when Creon’s wife heard of her son’s death leading her to take her own life. It also occurred when Haemon found Antigone’s body and stubbed himself to death. With Aristotle defining flaw as the misfortune gotten from making a fatal mistake, we could comfortable say the flaw is in Creon’s decision to have Antigone buried alive.

I would not have directed the play in any other way because the play shows clearly all the events and how each had a heavy outcome as the play progress, but would simply the play language due to the modernized audience. Antigone is one of the best plays ever to be written and its original version will still be the same as my version.

Conclusion

            Life is full of choices that are always confusing. These choices should be well thought about by justifying the means with the end results. Justice and truth must be found amongst the problems in life. Antigone addresses these issues in a unique way where one has to be fair and trustworthy to themselves always.

            

Why Authoritarianism Tends to Persist in the Middle East?

Authoritarianism is a form of political leadership characterized by centralized governance where challengers excluded, independence and democracy undermined. Here, the rule of man is superior to the rule of law where the officials hold unregulated exercise of political power. The middle east region has some of the world’s most authoritarian rulers, whose their continued hold on power calls into question the continued quest for democracy.

Democracy wave. Between the 1950s and 1990s, a democratic wave swept across the third world and developing countries. This wave bypassed the middle east countries, only in turkey and Lebanon was an authoritarian era followed by contested elections that, despite constraints, resulted in a circulation of elites. Elsewhere in the region the fear of political liberalization led to democracy stagnation and hence, no authoritarian executive has ever been removed from office through competitive elections. The middle east can be distinguished from China, the most populous authoritarian country by its absence of a case of successful democratization (Posusney 2005).

Economic success. The economic success in middle east countries like Saudi Arabia and Bahrain, citizens are satisfied with living standards and economic growth hence they do not feel any urge to elect new leaders for the purpose of economic growth. Rapid change is always a result of an ambition to keep up with the rest thus in the middle east they are always developing constantly.

The success of middle east countries has also forced western countries to liase with them and give them political support in exchange for good business relations between themselves.

Islamic religion. Authoritarianism is broadly linked to the Islamic religions which is dominant in all middle eastern countries. The religion contains incompatibilities between Islam and democratic values. In the early days of the Arab empire spiritual and political leadership was accepted by all. It is believed that the Islamic religion was written to explain the characteristics of Mohamed hence, leaders should use religion to govern and no one should challenge the governance. Efforts have been made to test the association between authoritarian governance and Islam producing conflicting results. An analysis by (Fish 2002), showed that Islam is the causes of high levels of gender discrimination where men have more privileges than women in every situation and, that women should be punished for any mistake. However, using similar data (Stepan and Robertson 2003), showed that economic development in middle eastern countries caused slow democracy advanced. The opposition can not also risk putting the islam religion under scrutiny by proposing rapid islam rule changes to facilitate democracy.

Taxation. Many middle eastern countries derive an enormous  income from oil exports; their neighbours rely on labour migration, direct assistance from these countries and earnings. This meaning that the middle eastern countries do not tax their citizen heavily to get revenue for the economic development. Hence, this enables the middle eastern countries citizens save from their incomes and live a comfortable life. Western countries experienced a change in governance through election due to the tax impact and burden suffered by their citizen. However, the “no development without taxation” debate was challenged by john Waterbury, who says that the taxation system in the middle eastern countries does not differ with developing countries (Waterbury 1994).

Structured institutions. In the middle east, countries institutions are structured according to political interest and their sharing of power with other institutions i.e. the relations among various branches of the government. Other groups like trade unions too are structured the same way and no independence is given to them (steinmo, thelen and longstreth, 1992). Non-economic associations such as international and domestically based human rights and environmental groups are also considered under this rubric. Institutions are treated as the backdrop against which the crucial decisions are made and implemented on the citizens. The incumbent rulers manipulate these institution for their interest in process such as elections, party politics, court rulings on democratic issues and human right investigations.

Political elections and parties. In middle eastern countries that had a single and dominant political party at the time of independence, one-party states resulted where the elite people effectively and quickly built authoritarian regimes because they faced no competition and because single parties are the perfect political tools. Where single parties are involved the two aspects of party systems: degree of polarization and mobilization do not come into play. In turkey and Lebanon competitive party politics took firm root than elsewhere in the region. In Egypt and Jordan rulers designed electoral rules that ensured loyalist legislatives. In most cases, elites manipulate the election outcome by choosing themselves as the winners. In Jordan results are also manipulated through district apportionment where rules do not determine the winner but rather those political parties that will compete. A lack of democracy in middle eastern countries strengthens authoritarianism and contributes to their political parties ineffectiveness.

Government agencies. Security agencies and the military are part of the country, but each country varies from others on the way they use these agencies.

 In most middle east countries, their agencies do not have a great sense of national purpose and hence, are used by governments to help bring order in times of political crisis. In Syria (1982) and Iraq (1991) studies show that in moments of political crisis, military interference lead to breakdown of authoritarianism. It is important to note that the distribution of powers among the branches of government is different. Where the legislature’s powers are limited, the leaders are less likely to resort to electoral manipulation or to suspension of the parliament.

Ruling elites. The ruling elites in the middle east are not willing to surrender power. They use government capacity and resources to suppress opposition. Government resources include: tax payers money is used to finance the cost of suppressing opposition movements. Government agencies are used also to enforce suppression on the opposition by all means possible. Manipulation of election results is a big tool for the elite. The ruling elite also manipulate law and use it blackmail the opposition from mobilization. If the opposition want free and fair elections, they need to put a lot of money into mobilization which is limited to them.

The role of human agency. Human agency is the ability of a person to make decisions and implement them on the concerned parties. The role of human agency has played major roles in democracy where the rulers choose to participate in free and fair competitive elections. It has also lead to authoritarianism where the elite rulers have chosen to suppress opposition and make policies that will guarantee them absolute power. This role has also been a guideline to reformists and soft-liners, for example, a government agency will not plot a military coup or enact reforms that might put the Islamic religion under scrutiny and question.

 Ingredients for democracy are free and fair elections, free contribution of crucial decisions by the involved parties and good implementation of the decisions without force.

International interference. Political decisions made by international unions or countries can play a big role is the breakdown of authoritarianism but also contributed to keeping the elites in power for certain interests. They include election monitoring, funding local advocacy agencies and political support to local rulers. Most middle east countries have oil and terrorism hence, others countries have to support authoritarianism regimes to protect and ensure supply of affordable oil to their countries. Their support comes in the form of no international constraints and no foreign military aid is given to countries seeking to overthrow the authoritarianism rulers.

Conclusion

 Strong mobilization against authoritarianism regimes are infrequent and until now have been readily suppressed in any event of unfolding. Legislative elections are allowed, but they are manipulated to suit the elites results and the elected parliaments have limited legislation powers.     All causes discussed in this essay and with the current events happening in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya leave little cause for optimism that authoritarian countries in the middle east will undergo transitions to democracy in the near future. With opposition parties constrained and typically non-democratic themselves and weak institutions that serve regime challengers; political reforms will be attained through other channels of communication. Due to no history of democracy in the middle east, studies have not yet found solutions for eradicating authoritarianism. Technology is the only promising method of  breaking down authoritarianism and is slowly embraced in the middle east.

REFERENCES

                    

·         Marsha P,(2005)  “the middle east’s democracy deficit in comparative perspective,”  marsha pripstein posusney and michele penner angrist(eds.), Authoritarianism in the middle east.pp. 1-18.

·         Jason B,(2005) “political crisis and restabilization: Iraq, Libya, Syria and Tunisia,”  marsha pripstein posusney and michelle penner angrist(eds.), Authoritarianism in the middle east, pp. 43-62.

·         Michael H,(2005) “no representation without taxation? Rents, development and democracy,” comparative politics 37(3), pp. 297-317.

·         Steven M,(2002) “islam and authoritarianism,” world politics 55 , pp.4-37.

·         Alfred. S and Graeme. R,(2003) “an ‘arab’ more than ‘muslim’ electoral gap,” journal of democracy 14:3, 30-44.

UNLIMITED CREATIVITY: How to Seduce a Woman Using 'Deflection Theory'

UNLIMITED CREATIVITY: How to Seduce a Woman Using 'Deflection Theory': "How to Seduce a Woman Using 'Deflection Theory' By: Tiffany Taylor Author of 'Guy Gets Girl' =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=..."

How to Seduce a Woman Using 'Deflection Theory'

How to Seduce a Woman Using 'Deflection Theory'


By: Tiffany Taylor
Author of "Guy Gets Girl"
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There's something that often happens when you're out playing the
'seduction game' - that is, when you're actively looking out for
girls you think you'd like to hook-up with.

Many men have experienced it, and many thousands of men still do
experience it when they themselves are out playing the game.

It usually goes something like this: you're in a group, talking
to a couple of girls. You're with a friend or two, perhaps
having drinks in a bar or at a party. You've got your eye on one
girl in the group in particular and want to make something
happen, make a bit of a connection.

Thing is, she's proving the hardest to connect to - sure, she
smiles and talks to you nicely and politely, but she's not
returning your flirtatious gestures and comments much, if at
all. It's like she's playing hard to get or something, whereas
her female friends seem to be much more playful and flirty.

This doesn't happen because you aren't her type or just because
sometimes these things happen (or don't) - there's a different,
special reason the girl you're interested in doesn't appear to
be interested in you and it's got a lot to do with psychology
and social standing.

You see, when you show you're interested in a good-looking girl
who's with her friends, you inadvertently bump up her ego and
feeling of self-worth.

She knows you've chosen and are most interested in her and likes
this feeling of elevated importance. However, she also knows
that if she reacts by becoming really flirty and obviously
attracted to YOU, she'll lose the higher social value she has
over her friends (probably the reason you targeted her in the
first place), so she therefore maintains her unattainable, "I'm
a bit too good for you" status.

(This is a pretty heavy-duty concept I explain here):

==> http://www.chickmagnet101.com/guy-gets-girl-system.html

However, you can blow this problem out of the water by using
DEFLECTION THEORY.

You turn the situation on its head and reverse the psychology of
your target female by deflecting your attention AWAY from her
and ONTO one or more of her friends. When you show her friends
(who have lower social value/worth than your target female) more
attention and affection, you challenge her ego.

So, in an effort to regain her superiority in the hierarchy of
her circle of friends, the girl you're really interested in will
subconsciously invest much MORE interest in you by flirting and
being playful.

As so many women do, she gives into wanting what she feels she
cannot have - and, of course, you'll be happy to have her. She
is, after all, the hottest of the group and the one you wanted
in the first place.

Here's how to deflect your attention onto one of her friends
to make her (the girl you want) feel as if her ego has been
challenged and thus make her feel an instant and undeniable
desire to get your attention and "win" you back.

1. Use strong eye contact when talking to all of the girls.

However, when you're talking to your target female, occasionally
glance away and towards one of the other girls (who will
probably be talking amongst themselves or to your friend/friends
if you're with any) and give a slight smile before looking
back at your target.

This jackhammers a sense of competition into the subconscious
mind of the girl you're really interested in and immediately
makes her want to fight for your attention.

2. Casually make physical contact with her friends more than
her. For example, touch them on the side of their arm to get
their attention or when laughing and joking.

3. When sitting down or standing around talking as a group, face
slightly more (as in, the direction of your body/torso) in the
direction of one of her friends more than her.

Using deflection theory to challenge a girl you're interested
in's ego and therefore make her want you more is just one
psychological technique you can use to boost your pick-up game.

Combine it with others and you maximize your success with the
opposite sex in ways most men have and never will experience.

You can be the guy that gets the girl!

Want more information from Tiffany Taylor about how to attract
and seduce women with the GuyGetsGirl system?

Go here:

==> http://www.chickmagnet101.com/guy-gets-girl-system.html

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=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=

I think Tiffany's "Deflection Theory" is one of thebest ways to
ramp up a girl's attraction for you. The next time you're out
and NOT getting a positive feedback from a girl with high-status,
try using this technique to ramp up her interest in you.

Finally, if you want to learn more about instant seduction
techniques, I highly recommend you take a look at Tiffany's
site:

==> http://www.chickmagnet101.com/guy-gets-girl-system.html



Keep on Rocking and Rolling,
MARTIN MURIITHI

MEN VS WOMEN IN BUSINESS, SHOULD THEY HAVE THE SAME RIGHTS?

The “battle of the sexes” in office has been a heated discussion in the past decade as women have emerged in every sector dominated by men and excelled with flying colours. When dealing with both genders one should know their individual goals and motivator. It is true that both genders analyze and render decisions differently based on motivation, giving and interpreting information while we can not rule out the fact that, both genders work hard and are intelligent. At the end of the day evaluation and promotions are given according to performance and ambitions one has for business/organization.

            Motivation

            Men prefer to be in-charge i.e. they like to be in power and control in the workplace. Men jump face to face with difficult issues and deal with them once and for all. Men like to work without pressure and mostly alone while women advocate for help more. Women deal with issues emotionally by first asking questions, understand the problem, and then execute their decisions to perfection. Men like to hear they are improving every time and competition tends to produce the best out of them, by making them work harder and a title will motivate them. Women work with emotions thus like their work been appreciated using gifts or remembering a memorable moment in her life like a birthday or wedding day.

  Giving information

            Men prefer simplicity when communicating, they say what they think, notes and convey. To women this could be terribly confusing i.e. “Fine” may mean not complete or not fulfilling. Women like giving information in a sophisticated way. One has to interpret information from a woman, and in most cases they always want to confirm that they are right about something.

            Interpreting information

            Men don’t interpret information but usually use its value. It doesn’t matter what the message mean they will follow as they hear. Women however interpret information for clarification for better guidelines while undertaking a task.

Conclusion

It’s recommended that one understands and has knowledge of both genders to keep them on task. I believe in both genders having equal rights so as to increase efficiency, co-ordination, creativity, communication and boost production. We are in a new age where gender isn’t determined by lifestyles, personalities and opportunities anymore. Different body parts don’t affect motivation, intellectual ability and intelligence. Getting a project should be based on one’s qualification in the corresponding field and their ability to work and perform regularly. Many countries still have gender discrimination but this stigma is reducing as women are proving they can perform as equally as men. 

Mind Games Women Use to Manipulate Men

An old buddy of mine used to date this girl that my friends and I
couldn't stand. In fact, we hardly ever saw him once he hooked up 
with her, because any time we wanted him to hang out, she would 
forbid him to come. She'd whine, give him ultimatums, and act 
like a complete brat until he finally gave in.

In a span of a few months, he went from being a cool, fun guy to
being this pathetically whipped man who had to ask permission to 
do anything in his life.

And for all the crap she put him through, she ended up dumping 
him for someone else. Of course, I wasn't surprised when this 
happened, because women have one common complaint about men...

...They don't like guys who they can treat like a doormat. 

My buddy never realized that her childish actions were ALL tests. 

And he always failed!

So sure, his girlfriend kicked and screamed whenever he wanted to 
hang with the guys, but I bet she wouldn't have dumped him so 
soon had he stood his ground.

What's the moral of this story? 

The answer is simple. KNOW that women will always test you. No
matter how great you think a girl is, she'll test you at some
point in the relationship. Expect this behavior. And learn the
RIGHT way for dealing with them. 

Don't act as though her tests are a life or death situation, 
because they're not. When a woman tells you that she doesn't 
like something it's important to figure out ONE of the following
two options:

1) It's a real, legitimate concern of hers (i.e. "I think you're
drinking too much and I'm worried about you")

OR

2) It's a way to manipulate your life (i.e. "Why can't you cancel
your plans to hang out with me?")
Obviously when a woman has a REAL concern about something you do,
it's important to address this issue and listen to what she has 
to say. On the other hand, if you feel she's trying to test you,
then it's important to NEVER cave-in to her childish antics.

I've found that when a woman tests me about something, I either 
do it more often, or tell her that she's not allowed to whine 
about it. That's it...case closed!

Doing something like this lets her know that you're a challenge, 
and believe it or not, she'll work harder to gain your approval.

This might be hard for some of you "nice guys" to grasp, but 
consider this: 

Most desirable women suffer from a "halo effect" that makes 
people treat them better simply due to their looks. In fact,
they're so used to getting their way, that whenever somebody 
challenges this habit, they tend to throw tantrums. 

(Seriously I've seen many an "adult" woman throw a temper 
tantrum that would put a five-year old to shame.)

Deep down, every woman wants a man who is in control of the
situation. Of course, she's not going to come out and say 
that, but there's nothing sexier than a man in charge. 

So instead of getting worked up over a woman's tests, learn
the RIGHT way to demonstrate your alpha-male status:

==> http://www.chickmagnet101.com/become-an-alpha-male-system.html
 
It's been said that "you only get one chance to make a good first 
impression." With that in mind, never forget that the first 
behavior you demonstrate will form her opinion of you. 

If you give in, she'll basically view you as someone with no
backbone; if you stand up to the challenge, she'll see you for 
the man you truly are.

So the question is..."Why do men fail tests?"

For starters, they don't recognize the tests. 

Secondly, they're afraid to call the women on the tests. They 
view a fight as the end of the world, but in reality, the worst 
that could happen would be her leaving you. And if you think 
about it, why would you want to be with such a drama queen after 
all? I don't care HOW good looking this girl is, it's NOT worth
the misery that she'll bring into your life.

I cannot stress this enough: Don't doing anything puts you in an 
inferior position! 

Women don't respect men who are easily controlled. Instead, 
combat her tests with humor to take the sting off of your 
defiance. And whatever you do, don't react emotionally.

From the moment you meet a girl, she's going to challenge you. 
Most of the time, you won't be able to walk up to a woman, say a 
few lines, and expect her to go crazy with desire over you. If 
you want to maintain that sexual attraction, then expect that 
she's going to test you.

Testing is done by women as a way to weed out the winners from 
the losers. Early on, a lot of women developed this skill because 
they didn't have time to figure out if a guy was worth talking 
to. 

When women test you, there are two results: You'll either pass, 
OR you'll fail; it's really that simple. If you fail, then you're 
chances of attracting her will probably drop to zero.

Now you shouldn't be mad that women will test you. It's the 
natural order of things. Consider it like any other challenge.

The important thing to remember is to not take these tests too 
seriously. If you show a lot of emotions or anger, then you've 
already lost. 

Furthermore, take the mindset that tests are good. When a woman 
tests a guy, it indicates that she has some interest in you. 

In a subconscious way, her tests are done to see if you're like 
the other low-status guys who are boring and predictable. And if 
she is really interested in you, then you'll probably receive a 
lot of challenges.

So KNOW when she's testing you and have a plan of action for 
what you'll do when they happen!

Finally, you should a simple system for FOREVER changing how
look at you.

Don't believe? Then DON'T click this link:

==> http://www.chickmagnet101.com/become-an-alpha-male-system.html 

Keep on Rocking and Rolling,

MARTIN MURIITHI

RACISM IN MODERN SOCIETY

Racism is the belief that the genetic factors which constitute race, ethnicity, or nationality are a primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that ethnic differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race. Racism's effects are called "racial discrimination". Subtle prejudice may be defined as exaggerating ethnic differences, rejecting minorities for supposed nonracial reasons and feeling less admiration and affection for minorities. I will define modern racism as a subtle form of prejudice. (Myers, 1993). The word race itself has evolved in meaning over time, from being a simple denotation of origin, to a stronger more elaborate meaning after the birth of the civil rights movement, who related race, and more specifically the term racism, to mean racial prejudice and discrimination, as opposed to a simple differentiation of origin or doctrine. Racism also varies across the globe, been dealt with differently and also having varying levels of impact on the different societies it exists in.

Axelson defines three forms of racism, individual, institutional and cultural. In individual racism, in a circular and reciprocal process, those perceived as inferior may internalize the other’s perception as valid and behave accordingly. The effects of individual racism include lowered self-esteem and inadequate self-concept. Racism may become a state of mind and a set of emotions and values, and a set of behaviors. Individual racist modes range from hostile domination to passive acceptance (defined as avoiding, ignoring or pretending to be correct and polite). Institutional racism may include police practices, unemployment, housing and education issues, discriminatory practices and inadequate welfare programs.    

Cultural racism may show up in the forces behind majority group dominance in deciding what is socially valuable. Prejudiced attitudes can be found in many cultural elements, including language, education, religion, norms of morality, economics and aesthetics. A mental and emotional connection of the majority group with cultural superiority and connecting minority cultures to cultural inferiority makes cultural racism. This is the hardest racism to recognize.  (Axelson, 1998).

Racism has been a motivating factor in social discrimination, racial segregation, hate speech and violence (such as pogroms, genocides and ethnic cleansings). Despite the persistence of racial stereotypes, humor and epithets in much everyday language, racial discrimination is illegal in many countries. Ironically, anti-racism has also become a political instrument of abuse. Some politicians have practised race baiting in an attempt to win votes. Ways to educate people to move toward the final step of the total eradication of prejudice and racism may include taking self tests and questionnaires to develop the awareness of their individual biases, promoting views that encourage the acceptance of all cultures and languages as valuable, remembering that overcoming racism, bias and prejudice is like overcoming a bad habit and that one needs to be persistent in their efforts to overcome socially promoted internalized biases.

Conclusion

 Major steps have been made toward the elimination of racism in the past 40 years. With increased vigilance, hard work and public education, our society should be able to move from the intermediate step of the development of modern racism to the final step of the elimination of racism.